Wednesday, October 24, 2018

Modifier for HSC - এইচএসসি শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য গ্রামার মোডিফায়ার

If a word or group of words sit before or after nouns/ verbs/ adverbs/ adjectives to modify them is called modifier. Again, if a word or group of words that describes, modifies, qualifies or limits a verb, noun, adjective or adverb is called Modifier. If modifiers apply to nouns, they are called adjectives. If modifiers apply to verbs, adjectives or adverbs, they are called adverbs. Generally, if we remove the modifiers from the sentences, they don't affect any sentences because modifiers are additional part of a sentence. In fact, they are used to make sentences more effective, attentive, clarifying and understanding. Here we will discuss in accordance with the Board syllabus of HSC exam. [এখানে আমরা শুধু এইচএসসি পরীক্ষায় বোর্ড কর্তৃক প্রদত্ত নমুনা প্রশ্নপত্রে উল্লেখকৃত বিষয়গুলোর উপর আলোচনা করবো।]
So, according to the definition, there are two types of modifiers:
  1. Pre-modifiers 
  2. Post-modifiers 
➧ Pre-modifiers: Pre-modifiers sit before a noun/ verb/ adverb/ adjective to modify it. Example: He is a school boy. [as the boy of the sentence is a noun, it has been modified by school which has taken its position right before the noun (boy). So, School is a Pre-modifier here.] [অর্থাৎ Noun এর পূর্বে বসলে সেটি হয় Pre-modifier।]
➧ Post-modifiers: Post-modifiers sit after a noun/ verb/ adverb/ adjective to modify it. Example: Mr Mashrafi, the captain of Bangladesh cricket team, is a real patriotic. [here, as Mr Mashrafi is a noun of the sentence, it has been modified by the captain of Bangladesh cricket team which has taken its position right after the noun (Mr Mashrafi). So,the captain of Bangladesh cricket team is a Post-modifier here.] [Noun এর পরে বসলে সেটি হয় Post-modifier।] Now we will discuss on the topics given by the Board [ বোর্ড কর্তৃক প্রদত্ত বিষয়সমূহ নিম্নে উল্লেখপূর্বক আলোচনা কর হলো।]:

🔺1. Pre-modify the Noun: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an ADJECTIVE or NOUN-ADJECTIVE. Basically, we have a use anAdjective before a Noun.
⇒Example: We tried our best to complete the work but we didn't have _____ time to do that.
➺ Ans (probable): enough/ much/ a lot of/ plenty of, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Adjectives as only adjectives can modify the Noun. যেহেতু noun-কে Modify করতে বলা হয়েছে , সেহেতু এখানে শূন্যস্থানে একটি Adjective বসাতে হবে। কেননা Adjective-ই পারে Noun-কে modify করতে। তাছাড়া Noun এর পূর্বে Adjective বসে। সূত্রটি অনেকটা এমন- Adjective + Noun.
🔺 2. Post-modify the Noun with an Appositive: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like a NOUN and will give or indicate some extra information about the previous NOUN. [Here it is- "An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames or identifies another noun or pronoun right beside it in some way. An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers." অর্থাৎ Appositive হলো একটি Noun/ Pronoun যেটি তার পাশে থাকা অন্য আরেকটি Noun/ Pronoun-কে নামান্তর করে বা অন্য নামে বা পরিচয়ে চিনতে সহায়ক ভূমিকা রাখে।]
⇒Example: My friend Shammi, ________, was driving.
➺ Ans (probable): a famous singer/ a popular actress/ a good human being/ a famous athlete, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Adverbs as only adverbs can modify the verbs. যেহেতু Verb-কে Modify করতে বলা হয়েছে , সেহেতু এখানে শূন্যস্থানে একটি Adverb বসাতে হবে। কেননা Averb-ই পারে Verb/ adjective/ adverb-কে modify করতে।
🔺 3. Pre-modify the Noun using Demonstrative: Here should be a word which will work like a demonstrative pronoun/ demonstrative adjective. When a demonstrative sits before a Noun, it is called a demonstrative adjective. There are four demonstratives- This/ that/ these/ those.
⇒Example: To save _____ the boy, he took a lot of risks.
➺ Ans (probable): that.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. The answer is specific here and it is onlyTHAT which sits before the boy (a noun) to modify it. সাধারণত Present tense- এ singular হলে this এবং plural হলে These বসে এবং Past tense- এ singular হলে That এবং plural হলেThose বসে।
🔺 4. Pre-modify the Noun using a Noun Adjective: Here should be a word or words which will be noun but will work like an Adjective as its position is before a noun.
⇒Example: We walked a lot and so, we stood under a big ______ tree to take some rest.
➺ Ans (probable): mango/ banyan/ jack-fruit, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Nouns [name of trees]. As they sit before a noun [tree], they are called noun adjectives. যদিও Noun বসবে কিন্তু যেহেতু তা Adjective-এর কাজ করবে, তাই একে Noun Adjective বলা হয়।
🔺 5. Post-modify the Verb with Adverb/ Adverbial: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an ADVERB.
⇒Example: I experienced a very interesting incident _____ on my way to Tangail.
➺ Ans (probable): last week/ last night/ last month/ yesterday/ a few days ago, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Adverbs as only adverbs can modify the verbs. যেহেতু Verb-কে Modify করতে বলা হয়েছে , সেহেতু এখানে শূন্যস্থানে একটি Adverb বসাতে হবে। কেননা Averb-ই পারে Verb-কে modify করতে।
🔺 6. Post-modify the Verb with an infinitive: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an Infinitive. Infinitives/ infinitive phrases are formed- "to+ base form of verb".
⇒Example: Mita became extremely happy _____ after a long time.
➺ Ans (probable): to see me/ to meet him/ to come here, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Infinitives as they have been formed using this formula to+ present form of verb. অর্থাৎ To এর সাথে Verb এর present form বসিয়ে এবং যদি প্রয়োজন হয় সে অনুযায়ী আরো শব্দ বা শব্দসমূহ যোগ করে Infinitive/ infinitive phrase গঠন করা হয়।
🔺 7. Pre-modify the Verb using participle: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like a NOUN+ADJECTIVE simultaneously and that word is called Present Participle. It forms taking "ing" with the base form of verb (ing+ present form of verbs). [অর্থাৎ Participle একই সাথে Noun+adjective- এর কাজ করে।]
⇒Example: ______, Tamalika was shocked.
➺ Ans (probable): Seeing the damage of her new car.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. Here ‘seeing’ is the participle of this answer as it has taken its position before Damage which is working here as a noun. So, before noun, anything is an Adjective and participle also works like an adjective. Noun-এর আগে বসে ’Seeing’ Adjective এর কাজ করায় তা Participle এর কাজ করছে এখানে। বাকী শব্দগুলোবাক্যটিতে অর্থবোধক করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। ওগুলো ব্যবহার না করলেও কোন সমস্যা নেই।
🔺 8. Post-modify the Adjective with an infinitive: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an Infinitive. Infinitives/ infinitive phrases are formed- "to+ base form of verb".
⇒Example: Mita became extremely happy _____ after a long time.
➺ Ans (probable): to see me/ to meet him/ to come here, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Infinitives as they have been formed using this formula to+ present form of verb. অর্থাৎ To এর সাথে Verb এর present form বসিয়ে এবং যদি প্রয়োজন হয় সে অনুযায়ী আরো শব্দ বা শব্দসমূহ যোগ করে Infinitive/ infinitive phrase গঠন করা হয়।
⏩ rule 6 and 8 almost the same. বোর্ড পরীক্ষায় এমন প্রশ্ন লক্ষ করা যায় তবে দুটির পার্থক্য নেই।
🔺 9. Pre-modify the Adjective using an intensifier: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an ADVERB or ADVERBIAL PHRASE. Intensifiers are adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen the meaning of other expressions and show emphasis. Words that we commonly use as intensifiers include absolutely, completely, extremely, highly, quite, rather, really, so, too, totally, utterly, very and at all. অর্থাৎ বাক্যের প্রকাশভঙ্গি ও অর্থকে আরো জোরালো করতে আমরা Intensifier use করি। কিন্তু মনে রাখতে হবে, এগুলোও Adverb।
⇒Example: Mita became ______ happy to see me after a long time.
➺ Ans (probable): highly/ very/ quite/ extremely/ absolutely/ tremendous, etc.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answers. All the answers are Adverbs as only adverbs can modify the adjectives. যেহেতু Adjective (happy)-কে Modify করতে বলা হয়েছে , সেহেতুএখানে শূন্যস্থানে একটি Adverb বসাতে হবে। কেননা Averb-ই পারে adjective-কে modifyকরতে। মানে Adverb Adjective এর আগে বসবে। সূত্রটি অনেকটা এরূপ : Adverb+Adjective।
🔺 10. Pre-modify the Adjective using Demonstrative: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like a Demonstrative pronoun & it will sit before an Adjective. [See Rule no-3 for more about Demonstrative.]
⇒Example: We can never forget ______ lovely sea birds.
➺ Ans (probable): these.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. As Lovely sea birds (here LOVELY is an adjective) refer to the plural number and the sentence is in Present Tense, the answer should be These. এখানে These বসেছে কারণ Plural Number এবং Present Tense বুঝাচ্ছে। যদি Singular হতো তাহলে This বসতো। [For more about Demonstrative see Rule no-3.]
🔺 11. Post-modify the Adjective: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like a Noun as we know noun takes its position after adjective.
⇒Example: It is high ______ we left the place.
➺ Ans (probable): time.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. As high of the given example is an adjective so there should be a NOUN after it. যেহেতু আমরা জানি Adjective এর পরে Noun বসে তাই এখানে উপযুক্ত শব্দ হিসেবে Time বসানো হয়েছে। অন্যদিকে post modify মানেই হলো পরে বসে কাজ করবে, তাই Adjective-টির পরে Time বসানো হয়েছে।
🔺 12. Pre-modify the Noun using Possessive: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an Adjective as we know Possessive takes its position before a Noun. In fact, when possessive pronouns sit before nouns, they are called Possessive adjectives. In short, anything sits before noun is generally calledAdjective. Possessive adjectives are- my/ our/ your/ their/ his/ her/its, etc. When these words are used before Nouns, they are called Possessive Adjectives and when not, are called Possessive Pronouns. যেহেতু Pre-modify এর কথা বলা হয়ছে তার মানে হলো Noun এর পূর্বে বসাতে হবে, তাই এক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত শব্দগুলো Adjective হিসেবেই বিবেচিত হবে।
⇒Example: Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you can't complete ______ higher studies as most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education.
➺ Ans (probable): your.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. As higher studies of the given example is a Noun so, there should be an Adjective before it. যেহেতু আমরা জানি Noun এর পূর্বে Adjective বসে। তাই এখানে শর্ত মোতাবেক Adjective বসাতে হবে এবং তা হতে হবে Possessive adjective. ফলে এখানে Possessive adjective হিসেবে your বসানো হয়েছে, যেহেতু Subject হিসেবে You রয়েছে।
🔺 13. Post-modify the Verb with Prepositional Phrase: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like a Preposition. We should remember that Prepositional Phrase starts with a preposition and ends with a noun. In fact, aprepositional phrase must have an Object. Prepositional Phrase শুরু হয় একটি preposition দ্বারা এবং সাধারণত শেষ হয় Noun দ্বারা এবং এতে একটি Object থাকে। সূত্রটি হতে পারে অনেকটা এমনই: Preposition + article + Noun/ Preposition + Object.
⇒Example: Without having good command over English, you will suffer ______ of your life.
➺ Ans (probable): in the long run.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. Here in the long run is a prepositional phrase as it has started with a preposition (in), it has an article (the) and it has ended with a noun (long run). So, it is a prepositional phrase. শর্ত পূরণ হওয়ায় in the long run একটি prepositional phrase, যেমনটা উপরের ব্যাখ্যায় বলা আছে।
🔺 14. Pre-modify the Noun with a Determiner: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an ADJECTIVE. But there are some specific words in this regard. You have to use a word/ words from the below list.
  1. Articles: a, an, the. 
  2. Demonstrative: this, that, these, those. 
  3. Distributive: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every, etc. 
  4. Possessive: my, his, her, our, their, its, your. 
  5. Quantifiers: a little, a few, much, many, a lot of, some, most, no, any, enough, etc. 
  6. Number: one, ten, twelve, thirty, hundred, etc. 
  7. Difference Words: other, another. 
  8. Pre-determiners [Pre-determiners are normally placed before an indefinite article + adjective + noun to express an opinion about the noun they modify.]: such, what, rather, quite, etc. 
⇒Example: Actually, the fox wants to cut off our tails because he has _____ tail of his own.
➺ Ans (probable): no.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. The answer is a Determiner as it is found in the above list of determiners. And it has taken its position before a noun to pre-modify Tail. উপরের List-টি লক্ষ করলে দেখা যায় যে, NO একটি quantifier. অর্থাৎ Determiner শূন্যস্থানে বসাতে হলে উপরের লিস্টটি মুখস্ত করে সেখান থেকে প্রাসঙ্গিক একটি শব্দ বসালেই চলবে।
🔺 15. Post-modify the Noun with Adjective Clause: Here should be a word or group of words which will work like an ADJECTIVE Clause. Generally, adjective clause follows this structure: Noun + Relative Pronoun (that, what, where, which, who, how, why, whom, etc) + extension. It means adjective clause appears immediately following the Noun or just after the Noun which will be modified.
⇒Example: There is hardly any educational institution _______.
➺ Ans (probable): where the local children can get admitted to continue their education.
➠Explanation: Look at the above answer. The answer is a Adjective Clause as it is appeared just after the noun (institution). And it has started with a relative pronounWhere. সাধারণত Adjective Clause Relative Pronoun দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং যে Noun-টিকে modify করতে হবে ঠিক তার পরে বসে।
[ বোর্ডের নির্দেশনা অনুযায়ী অনেক ধরণেরই সঠিক উত্তর হতে পারে। এখানে যে উত্তর গুলো দেওয়া হয়েছে, সেগুলো কেবলমাত্র উদাহরণস্বরূপ। কাজেই শর্ত পূরণ করতে পারে এমন উত্তর হলেই শিক্ষার্থী তার পূর্ণ নম্বর পাবে। There could be many versions of correct answers. The answers given here should be taken only as examples. ]

6 comments:

  1. Thanks for writing about modifiers. Students face problems in this grammar item. I have also written a tutorial on Modifiers. Here, you can check it <a href="https://www.bdclass.com/2019/09/modifiers-for-hsc-students.html>Modifiers for HSC</a> Hope this can help students.

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